LON BAY. RYAILABLE NOVEMBER IST NEW one bedroom ground floor suite, very bright with an ocean view, fireplace and one covered parking spot. $600 3 month plus utilities. Calt 921-7656. LONSDALE & 20TH one bdrm avaiable Nev i, Heat, cable & parking included. Ro pets. 738-7430, LOWER LONSDALE 2 bdrm apt. Heat & cable included. $700. No pets. Refer- ences. 987-8881. Available Oct tst. LYMM VALLEY large new 1 bdrm bsmt with fireplace, very quiet area, close to shops & bus. 1 occupant for $595 in- cluding utilities. Partly furnished if re- quired. 985-2804. No smokers/pels. MAPLEWOOD PLAZA 1 bdrm apt on two fevels. Dishwasher. fireplace. Rear 2nd Narrows bridge. $895 + utilities, 929-8580 before 7 7 pm. BIOUNTAIN VILLAGE 1, 2 & 3 berm suites available. Families welcome. Dishwashers, park-like setting, seasonal pool, near school and malt. Cali 988-3828 MOUHTAIG & CITY VIEWS Quiet, concrete hi-ise. 1 bdrm suites available. Heated outdoor pool, saunas & lauadry. Rents include heat, hot water & $85-2926 BOUAIAGE COURT. N.Van. 3 bdrm apt available. tncludes heat, cable, parking & drapes. No pets. 980-8656 weekdays, - 986-1430, weekends. - MOVING ALLOWANGE! $4108 & UPI! st GEORGES PLAGE St. Georges Ave. te 1 Bdrms $725 Spacious view suites in 2 convenient Centra! Lonsdafe location. Close to - shopping & transit. Call Now! Denis 589-1754 jem SEA BUS, 2 bars s ($800 5875). 2 2 Occupants per No, pets Refer- ences. a To view ew Call SBA T07 baie Bdrm Suite, Highland area. private entrance. $660 in- cid uillities. cable. 987-1303 RORWOGD APARTMENTS Upper Lonsdale. 1 ddis, includes hot water % heat, $550. No pets. 987-9145.) HOY 1. Newly carpeted 1 bdrm. surte in . Quiet dldg. $595. includes -boat/hot water/secure parking. Walk. to bus/ + shops/seabus. Coin iaundry..No pets. Refererces. 984-4211/980-4625. BRGY T. Lovely, bright. 2 bdrm ground _ level. *rivate ‘en’ appliancss. No - sinoking/pets. $7’ ‘a sab 988-9456 or 1. 2 berms, lower level of house ‘ appliances, Private garage. Near Ca College. $649. 980-0830; pgs 673.0536" OCTisi, 1% bdrm, lower fevel, 1 per- son, it Grouse Woods, vex7 quiel. $575. 980-8270 or pager 682-8766 #1125. OME BDRM, Upper Lonsdale oan quiet bldg. Some To view call sa0.1) 1" + $535 /iaonth. RENT $450. Woodcroft Estates. Water/sity view, 1 bdrm. Oct 1 st Call immedately (926-1491) Oct. Sneciat. SKYUNE MAKOR 2 bdrn-s, Upper Lonsdale, includes heat, hot water cable. No pets. $700/ menth. Cail 987-9145. SPANISH VILLA 261 East 3id Street 1 bdisi quiet bidg. Ne pets. Rent in- cludes heat,hot water,cable. Gated un- dergraund parking available. SPECTACULAR VIEW Quiet ‘cation above the Upper Levels Highwe; at Panorama Village. 2 block West of the Satmon House restaurant 1 bdim, 2 bdrms, available with B7zitish Properties style view. Rent includes hot water, cable, microwave & covered park- ing. Mast have dishwashers. Member- ship ix racquet & health club also availat’e, HOLLYRIDGE. A201-223$ Fothest «ne Way. 926-4412. SUP! § MOUNTAIN & CITY VIEWS Studios & 1 bdrm suites available. tn- door seimming poo!, saunas & lasndry. Reat ir -ludes heat, hot water & parking. No pes. $150 MOVING ALLOWANCE. UE W, Keith Rd, 986-3356. UPPES CONSDALE large, bright, 2 bdrm, firep!a: 2, ground level, private eatry off garden share laundry, non-smokess, NO gets. § 50 + ACS utilities. 926-6169. UPPER LONSDALE 1 bdrm, hardwood ficors. Zable, heat, hot water, balcony. Ho pet’. Oct’). $550. 986-6952 WEW 3 YR Valley. Extra large sunny corner, 1 bdrm, cable, balcony. Clean, quiet s cure bldg. Oct 1. 985-0049. WEST ' AN 2085 Bellewe. | bdrm with water view, $775/moath. Furaished bachelcr suite, $695. Call 926-8482 WEST VANCOUVER. Spuraway Gardens. | bdrm, ground mit, totally secure. Firepla.¢, storage, garage parking, cable, heat, fst water, laundry included, Oct }. A steal st $800. 925-0788 Doug. WEST 2AN Now Ist. Pleasant mound Jevel 1 ddrm ant, fireplace, privsic en- trance. Suitable for quiet mature, son. $€ .5 including utitities. $25 WOODCROFT 1 bdrm from $650 Mr.Lee 922-4191 Mon-Fri WOODCROFT LARGE 1 bdrm, south fac- ing, city view, very clean & bright. $700 including utilities. Sept 22. 926-3853 1 Bdrm, $735 2 bdrm, $1,075 CALL 822-3246 1 BORM apts. in Central Lonsdale, dishwasher, garburetor, drapes. $580 $670. Call Cathy 988-4121 Mon-Fri ase 1 BDRM bsmt suite. Quiet person. Fireplace, hydro & cable included. Non smoker. No pets. $500. 986-0599. 130 EAST 7 ST. Clean 1 bdrm apt. in 3 story walk-up. Avaitable oct 1. $525 includes heat, hot water & cable. Call Don at 988-8642. 1575 ESQUIMALT west 1 bdrm suite available. Heat, hot water & cable included. No pets. To view call 926-9864 68 CHADWICK COURT #206 - ; den, 2 bath, 1000 sq.ft. $1100/month. Cail Pager $30-7223" Springfield Pacific Realty 1919 BELLEVUE AVE WEST VAN 2 bdrm suites available immediately. Heat, het water & csbtie included. Mountain & ocean views. Ho pets, To view call 925-0012 195 2st St. West Yancouver Mi hrise 2 bdrm, $1110/month. Heat, le, hot water indocr pool, sauna. No pels 922-88 1985 mE AVE. LARGE 1 & 2 with mountain & ocean 1175 sq ft. Suitable for el- derly. $875-31250. tncludes heat-hot water-undergrovad parking. Call Manag- ef to view 926-3082 . 2 BORM penthouse, Spectacula f harbour vow, 1% bath, st fireplace, auiet building, secured un- desgraund parking. 144 West 14th St 988-2116. 2 BORE, $725. Available Oct 1. Rent includes Heat, kot water & cable. No pets. Cat} 986-0788. 2 BORM apt near- seabus, large fae. parking, heat, drapes. pets, Oct 1. feferences required. rete 80-1852. 2 BORM, $890. 2 Bdrm, $930. Includes heat, hot water & cable. 612 Chester- fit cid Cail 980-1813. 2 BDRM bsmt suite, near school, bus, shopping centre, 985-3963 kkkkkkkkkkik BORM corner suite with fireplace Se0s. 125 West 19th- 986-3615 2 SDRM $775. 1 bdrm $595. Studio $515. Quiet building, o poosite Lions Gate Gate Hospital. No pets. 98 2 BDRM 13in at Lonsdale, top floor, utiles included, fo pets. Oct.3. $695. 2 BORM, $820. Includes heat, hot water & cable. Available Oct 1. 274 W. 2nd St. Call 984-8132. 2 BORM, carpets, $795. Newly deco taied, heat, hot water, cable included. Secure parking. 160 W. Sth. 987-3882. 2 BDRM view suite, lower Lonsdale. Very clean & quiet concrete bldg. 2 bath, pool, secured parking. Avail able Sept 30th, $900 per month. 929-4582 $450/MONTH including heat & light. No pets. Non smoker. Grand Blvd. Character house. Bsmt suite Oct 1. 986-7770 Oa 1,2 &3 Bedroom: Suites Pool Tennis Courts Views Large renovated suites Wak to shopping, 3 BDRM. TOWNHOUSE 2% bathe, 5 pa as ial 2 BDRM. APARTMENT 2 baths, fireplace 4 appliances * 987-8708 «x Duplexes For Rent AMBLESIDE OCEAN view. Nov 1. 3 bdim, family room, walk to beach, Park Royal. $1800. 926-1350/926-8983. AVAILASLE SEPT 2ist, large 2 bdrm duplex with roman fireplace, dining area, hardwood floors, $675 (No Pets). 986-8485 or toll free pager 1-977-2700. CENTRAL LORSDALE. 2 bdrm lower, fireplace, 4 appliances, car fenced garden. Ho fo pets. Nov 1, $660,926-6471 “EDGEMONT VILLAGE Close to shops, schools & buses. Large side x side 3 bdrm. Carport, sundeck very private backyard. All appliances. Available Oct 1. No pets. $1300/month. Allan 987-9346 or evenings, 986-6089. MEW 3 bdrm % duplex Squamish, 2% baths, 5 appliances, built-in vacuum, $200/month "available Nov 1. 921-7315 3 LARGE bdrms, 1% bath, 1525 sq ft. View, hardwood floors. No smoking, no pets. Available now. 985-3728. . BLANKET CLASSIFIED ADS Place your ad in over 109 newspapers in B.C. and the Yukon“ fos onty $135.00. Phone for details ier now Bright 3/4 bdrm, fenced, 2 baths, pa’ jacuzzi, a Parking. Bastschouts $ Sisto, e236) ALTAMONT EXECUTIVE house, 5 bdrm, fully equipped kitchen, 2 fireplaces. 2924 Altamont Cres. West Van. 987- 0505 $2,200 per month AMBLESIDE FULLY furnished older character. home. Available Nov 1 for 3-4 months at $1500/month. Alan Waterfalt,985-3354/988-1175 Sussex Group-S.8.C. Realty Corp. AVAILABLE OCT ss. Van, 2 bdrm full bsmt. View. 50. Call NORTH SHORE REALTY 985-7185. AVAMLABLE OCT 1. Lower British Proper- ties, 4 year old comtemporary. home, aver 5000 sq ft, 4 bdims + den, huge yard. Close to ‘schools. $2700/month, Minimum 6 month lease. Call Trevor Inglis, 980-6110 or 926-7831. BUUERIDGE OELUXE HOUSE 4 bdrms, 2% baths, 3 fireolaces, living ‘dining & 88-6572 “family sooms. Rov 1. $2,000. BLUERIDGE 3000 sq. ft house, 3 bdrms tPentes 1 own. Oeck,- fenced yard. 5 ap- iances, 2. fireplaces, 2 baths, rec s00m, family toom. Near school. No pets, 51375. 929-7201 /876-0767. BLUERIDGE NEWLY decorated 3 bdrm main floor of house. New carpet, blinds, lots of storage. Near school & bus. No pets/smoking. $1,200. 929-3809 BRAND NEW main. floor of house, 3 bdrm 2 bath, skylights, fireplace. Marine Dr/Phitip. $1190. $80-9067, 254-1404 BRITISH PROPERTIES 3 bdrm pat baths, panoramic view, heated Available immediately. $1800, Sey CAP COLLEGE area, 2 béem, non smok- ing suite. ay. ydto, fireplace. Available att 1 3! 5, 926-0564 - CENTRAL LONSDALE up/down duplex, 3 bdsms, on main, $1250. Separate 2 bdrm lower suite, $856. Available Oct 4. ____ fall London Pacific 926-4833 CENTRAL LONSDALE ~ bern, 1% bath, main floor. $900 + 2 % b dra. Avail- able able Oct J. No pets, 988. +37; ‘DRIVE BY 6505 Wellington Pl. & call for an m appointment, | immaculate 3 bdrm, atk with view, Oct 1. $2000/ eeatk Royal Pacific Services. 224-6307 GUACARAVE GREAT view, 2 blocks to seawali, 2 bdrin, 1 bath, main floor. Nov 1. $1150 including cable, 926-6334 EAGLE HARBOUR 3 bdrm quaint home, 2 baths, fireplace, large lot near beach with extensive gardens. $1800. Now 1. 921-7678. FURRISHED BEAUTIFUL character home, 3 bdrm, titeptace, 5 appliances, view. Must be seen! Nov 1 - Feb 93. $1.406 + uillties. 984.619" GRAND BLVD ar. 2 ecutive 4 iniem = References, NO i $1,506. 988-8488 ME Rept ex- sopliances. *, Nov 1, GRAND BLVD, large 3 bdrm house, living toom, sun d bath, 2 car garage, large storage Toom. Clese to bus stop, $1,275, per month. References required, no pets, non-smoker. 986-9019, Oct } immaculate view home 3 bdrm, § appliances, no pets. Relerences. $1450. 964-1854 RORSESHOE BAY, sea view, immaculate, 2-3 bdrms, 1% baths, Tudor gidebyside duplex, Nov I. $1100. 922-6 LARGE BRIGHT 3 bdrm main floor. Available Act 1. $975 + utilities. 987-4203, 987-9012 LARGE BRIGHT 3 bdrm main floor. Available Oct 1. $975 + utilities. $87-4203, 987-5012 LOVELY 3 bdrm upstairs home, Lyan alley. ge yard, fireplace, a pliances. $1, 150.965. 5650 i“ LYNN VALLEY EXECUTIVE. 3/4 bdrm, 2% baths, 7 appliances, alarm, vacuum & sprinkler systems. $1900. 981-1903. LYNNMOUR, QUIET 2 bdrm ground floor of new Vancouver special, convenient, $850/month, Nov 1. 929-6738 ELUS & DOLLARTON HIGHWAY 4 bdrm house, 2 baths, 5 appliances, very clean. Availabie October 15. $1350/month. Rob, Ascent R.E. Management. 669-6506, #4813. PEMBERTON HEIGHTS, 7 years nem 2600 sq/ft. 3 bdrm, 7a pliances” fireplace, $1650. $29 4208, PRIME AREA North Van, 2 bdrm bsmt suite, faplare, $a pliances, private en- wance; z $895 + 30% utilities. No pets. RUSTIC 1 or 2 bdrm. near Caztlfeild Cove. Suitable for couple. a fireplace, appliances, trees & privacy. Nov 1. Lease $1350. 403-239-3769. SPECTACULAR VIEW British Properties, 4,000 sq fl, home. 4 bdrm, 2% bath, pool & garden. Available immediately. $2,900 per month call Ms. Harris 688-6764 UPPER LYNN Valley, 1130 sq/ft, top floor, 3 bdrm, 2 full baths. $1150 in- cludes utilities. No pets. 255-0833 VERY SPECIAL Lynn Vatley view, 3 bdrm, cul-de-sac, private garden. No smokers/pets. $1,160 Nov 1. 987-3442, VIEW, 129 Sandringham upper Lonsdale 4 bdim, 2 bath, new ditchen no 2500 sq/ft. Available now. 925-250. WEST VAN, Westhil! area view home, 3 bdsms, 1% baths, full bsmt, firealace, washer/dryer. Nov 1. $2,000. 929-5792 WEST VAN. New 4 bdrm, 4 baths, finished bsmt. $3000/month. ‘No Pas. Plus much more. For details, 921-079 WEST VAN. 2 burm lower 4 of house, Prestige area. References. $1200/ month, Mr, Lee, 922-4191 WEST VANCOUVER unique 2 bdim plus den, view, 2 fire places, a baths, deck, garage plus carport, 5 appliances. Small pet OK. Non smokers. $2000. 925-9650 2 BDRM house, $900 per month, co pets. 640 Moody Ave. North Van. Avaitable Now. Call 987-1897 2688 CHAIRUFT RD. Brand new, 5 bdrm, § bath. West Van Fabulous vew. 1 year lease. $4000/ month. Carolyn, Ascent R.E. Manage- ment. 665-6590 #2500 weekdays 3185 DICKINSON CRES Nice 4 bdrm home, West Van, nanny suite, wood fireplace, view, sub-zero fridge, all appliances, hot tub. October 15 or Nov 1. 1 year lease. $2100/ month. Carolyn, Ascent R.E. Manage- ment. 669-6500 #2500 weekdays 4405 MARINE DRIVE Nice 2 bdrm bungalow, $1050. Oct 1. 1 year lease. Carolyn, Ascent R.E. Mgmt. 669-6500 42500 weekdays 603 EAST Ast. North Van. Lovely 3 bdrm, 2 bath view home. Newly reno- vated with (ridge, stove, laundry. $1459 lease. Call Sallyanne 263-1961. Macdonald Realty. lc] Room & Board ROOM & BOARD all facilities and utilities, $500/month. 984-6027 : Accommodation CiEAN CLEAR ROOM in large, non-smoking house in Detbrook. Share bath, kitchen. DEEP COVE area house. Laundry, 1 block to bus. Prefer aon-smoking stu- DEEP COVE female, non-smoker. Roam in large 3 hdtm home. All amenitres, close te shopping. bus, path. $400 in- clusive, 929-9173 evenings. EXCELLENT FGR student, very large, quiet house near Cap Colle; ere oe CIT. Frefer femafe. $410, Mike 985-0953 AGOKING FOR A ROOMMATES Call Roonifinders, we can help. Pre- screened people & places. 657-9784. LYMM VALLEY 3 bdrm home to share with 2 working adults, Available im- mediately. $400. + utilities. 987-9055. MALE/FEMALE to share 3 oan townhouse with 2 young gu aster beim with en-suite, fo bose. * OCT 1 active, easy going, working, on non smoking, male/female, Share huge top floor with 3. Central. $330, 980-5573 PROFESSIONAL MALE has Amblesic= house, looking to share with similar non smoking female, $400 inclusive. Oct 1. 922-1621 QUIET, MON-SMOKING male/female to share fower Lonsdale apt vith female. Oct 1. $400/month. 980-9542 QUIET SUENY, townhouse “1 river. Everything supplied. Parking & appliances no smakers.$500. Sa 1317, ROOM IN newer 3 ddim house, tower Mtn Hwy, nicely turnished, Near Phidbs exchange. $410 +- ° utilities. 985-4951 SHARE 3 bdrm house with father & teenage son. Upper Lynn Valley, 5 ap- pliances, fiseptace, 5 year old house, $450. 984-7889 or 987-7114. 1 ROOM in a 2 bdrm apt. responsible female, $275 inclusive. 983-2214. 3 BDRM duplex to share with other. $465 + utilities. 7th & Mahon area. No smoker/pets. Catt 980-0449. prefer AVARABEE. SECURED garage for car or e, 10" X 20°. Light, concrete floor. 300 tk E 4th St. 9a70415, 980-7337 | LORSDALE AREA, new, secure for car or storage. Available Oct 1. $150/month. 985-4526 WHITE MALE, 30 years employed with the North Shore Fire Department. Look ing for housesitting position. Available 6 months or more starting Oct 1. Please reply to Box #1178 c/o this paper. Classified Ads are always changing. Read the News Classified Section Daily!! Es Wanted to Rent ane OR above carport full suite in West Van for quiet, nsible profes- sional. Call 987.5719 after 6 AWARD WINNING professional Japanese -° “fandscape artist.with wife will do some gardening in exchange for accom. Ex- cellent references. Fuji 873-6373 DOCTOR AND Family need accomieoda- ~ tion for 6 weeks, Oct 1: During home - renovation. Dundarave, Caulfeild area. PROFESSIONAL COUPLE looking for quiet 2 bdrm or 1 + den suite for Oct 1. 926-9294 PROFESSIONAL COUPLE seek 2-3 bdrm house or main foor. Modern, bri 43 with . fireplace.Oct 15 or Nov 1. 986-726: PROFESSIONAL COUPLE seeks 2.3 Sim - well kept house. No kids, non-smokers. 925-2262 or Business 662-3797. PROFESSIONAL MAN seeking. quiet non-smoking room. On North Shore only % month. 983-2982 feave message for David. PROFESSIONAL =‘YOMAN tidy/quict seeks sunny accom. Large bdrm with bathtub/large closet. Close to all ame- nities. Prefe? quiet house. Ambleside/ ‘Dundarave area Nov 1. 986-0521. RESPONSIBLE FAMILY Icoking for 4/5 . bdrm home in West Van. Clean & Tidy. Up to $2,000/month. 922-1544. ROOM IN family home environment re- quired for adult son smoking femate- student from Calgary for 3 months Jan — 3-March 31/93. $350-$450 negotiable. Commuting distance of Pacific Marine Training institute, North Van. Please contact 943-6173 between Ton . AUTOMOTIVE Autoretive.. erneeseseene 208 Antique AUOS...scarccereernereranensessen OT Fart De talttiig....nusecsecseserssessersensB 008, Rabe Lewsinigreescccccccesnrerensenrsserere B89 Ruta Parts & Accessories...+...0.0r:8270 Auto Repairs.......... sonnn BAIL Auto TO fe ih SAOTOITY CIES. anecsrvsecarsssersereeeennernB hed Recreation Vehicles For Salo......8274 Domestit Autos.......vccereeeseoummnn€275 Sports & Umports......rsercssrerereseenB276 TrUChs & WaRs....ccccrsrreccsesscssnesse hy Autos Warted.....ccccosssssesnsecosseeeese Bere Automotive GOVERMMENT SEIZED/SURFLUS vehi- cles. U.S. and Canadian, low as $100. BMWs, Cadillacs, Chees, Fords, Mercedes, Porsches, trucks, vans. AMAZING free 24 hour recording reveals how. (4166314666. Antique Autos Sa CHEVY 2 door, original pasts. Last offer was $6,000. In running condition. For more information call 984-9271 Classified Ads mean results. Call 986- 6222 for more information COMPLETE 1 TON Hydratic dumping system inclides PIO to 9’ flat deck. $2600, Tim 925-1875. Lower Lonsdale, — Auto Parts & Recessories WANTED TO BUY RUNNING OR SCRAP CARS LOW COST TOWING, 980-7995 74 AUSTIN: Marina, avto transmission, misc parts, front & rear bumper. 71 Capri, 1600 ccm, misc parts, front . fear bumper, complete motor (excellent condition}. 987-7954 "92 F150 S232 mo. TR. $11,136 "92 TEMPO $248 mo. TP. 310.484 "92 RANGER 4X4 S261 mo. TR $12,528 | "92 MUSTANG $257 mo TR $12,336 ‘92 AEROSTAR. $290 mo. TR $13920 92 TAURUS: , $346 mo. All Terms 48 Months Net Lease: OAC. All Makes Leasing - 980-241 i: 4: Auto Repairs ALLIED RADIATORS, 5 °=*: TRAM SSIONS & BATTERIES EW * USED * path LOS” Oil, tobe an filter $19.95. Complete - automotive repairs. Propane conversions. _ Lowest prices in town! Call us 985-7646 ~ ° CANADA ENGIHES LTD. Quality Rebuilt . Engines: cars, tight trucks: 6 cylinder from $995, 8 cylinder from $1,095. 5 _year, 100,000 Km Ltd. warranty.-7 Days — 580-1050, 1-800-685-3570, 565828 : evenings. . ENGINES REBUILT from $995. 5 year 100,000 kms warrant! ical serving B.C: for 27 years. Phone 7 days, Sam-8pm. (604)872-0641, Toll-free Morefri, 1-800-563-2521. . LOWEST PRICES on Parts & Repairs, Brakus, Wivtches, Haterpumps & Atter- ” mators. | VAP. 980- Auto Towing & A Scra baal soni CARS WANTED Used Parts Available. Free Removal. 987-6358, pager Gal o671. 827 3. Motoreyctes 82 GOLOWING 64,000 kms, excellent condition, new tear tire, new brakes, $5,300 offers. 980-0786. 82 GS §50, excellent condition. A steel at $600 or best offer. + leather Jacket & pants. 929-4991 88 Yamaha FZR. 400 ce. Excelient con- -dition. $3500. 922-1175. Ea) suzuK) £ SOOE purchased new in 92. Great shape, low km, tank bag, bl 3 800. 984-9457 RVs & Campers : For Sale GO WEST CLEARANCE EX-LEASE & RERTAL RETURMS MOTORHOMES & CAMPER VANS Over 40 usits in stock to choose from. All impeccably maintained, full records. View at 1577 Lloyd Ave. (Behind Capilano Volkswagen) 77 WESTFALIA VW excellent condition, ng tust, newer motor, camperized. $5,000. 980-6480. 78 FORD crew cab ‘ton, 9B, PS, air, with 8% ft. carnpet omith stove, Isidge, furnace. $4906. Call 980-4408. 89 TIGGA 24° 460 engine. cruise, dual aie, genesator, microwave, steres, im- maculate. $27,500. 985-1200. 90 19° ROAD RAHGER TRAILER, dual axel, tv antenna, awning, mint condi- tien, $8900. Phone 936-8305 . Bond Mechan- =